Почвенный институт им. В.В. Докучаева

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Формирование и развитие концепции экосистемных услуг: обзор зарубежных публикаций

Д. Е. Конюшков

Почвенный институт им. В.В. Докучаева, 119017, Россия, Москва, Пыжевский пер., 7, стр. 2

Рассмотрены зарубежные публикации, посвященные проблеме выделения и оценки экосистемных услуг и их учету в планировании хозяйственной деятельности. Данное направление исследований является быстро развивающимся. Начало было положено глобальной оценкой состояния экосистем, выполненной в 2005 г. по инициативе ООН. За последние 10 лет произошло его организационное оформление, появились профильные журналы, регулярно проводятся конференции и совещания; характерен быстрый рост числа публикаций. Вклад почвоведов в эту работу пока не слишком значителен; оценка экосистемных услуг почв представляется перспективным направлением. Экосистемные услуги разделяются на четыре группы: обеспечивающие, регулирующие, культурные и поддерживающие. Последняя группа рассматривается как природная основа, обеспечивающая выполнение остальных функций, прямо и косвенно воздействующих на благополучие человека. Оценка экосистемных услуг ведется по трем направлениям: экологическому, экономическому (монетарному) и социальному. Для каждой из групп услуг используются свои способы экономической оценки. Обеспечивающие услуги часто оценивают по их рыночной стоимости. Их доля в совокупной оценке экосистемных услуг относительно невелика. Регулирующие услуги часто оценивают методами “предотвращенных затрат” и “замещающих затрат”, а культурные услуги (рекреация, источник вдохновения, эстетическая ценность, духовная ценность) – методом “затрат на путешествие”. В основе способов внерыночной оценки лежит готовность платить за данные услуги. При оценке экосистемных услуг на местном уровне необходим системный подход, учитывающий бонус кооперации землепользователей. Следует учитывать также, что снятие дополнительной нагрузки с экосистем в данном месте может привести к возрастанию воздействия в других местах. Выделение, картографирование и оценка экосистемных услуг проводятся с конечной целью обеспечить устойчивое развитие общества и благосостояние человека. Развиваемые эколого-экономические подходы призваны усилить роль рыночных механизмов в деле защиты окружающей среды.

Ключевые слова: экосистемные услуги, экосистемные функции, экономическая оценка.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A REVIEW OF FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS

D. E. Konyushkov

V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017, Russia, Moscow, Pyzhevskii 7, bld. 2

Foreign publications devoted to the problems of determination and valuation of ecosystem services and their practical application in planning economic activities are under review. This direction of studies is being rapidly developed. It was clearly shaped after the global Millennium Ecosystem Assessment performed in 2005 on the initiative of the United Nations. In the recent decade, this direction has got an official status; specialized journals have been founded; regular conferences and workshops have been conducted. The number of publications in this field has increased considerably. The contribution of soil scientists to the valuation of ecosystem services remains modest. It is argued that the assessment and valuation of the ecosystem services of soils is a promising direction for soil science. Ecosystem services are subdivided into the groups of provisional, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. The latter group is considered the natural basis ensuring the efficient performance of other ecosystem services with their direct or indirect impact on human well-being. The assessment of ecosystem services implies three major directions: ecological, economic (monetary), and social. For each of the groups of ecosystem services, specific methods of their economic valuation are applied. Thus, provisional services are mainly assessed according to their market values. The contribution of provisional services to the total value of ecosystem services is relatively small. Regulating services are often estimated by the avoided cost and replacement cost methods, and cultural services (recreation, inspiration source, aesthetic value, spiritual value) are valued by the travel cost method. The methods of nonmarketable valuation are essentially based on the willingness-to-pay approach. Upon valuation of ecosystem services at the local level, a systems approach should be applied; it is necessary to taken into account cooperation bonus obtained by the particular stakeholders. It should also be noted that the removal of additional pressures from ecosystems in a given place might result in the increase of the anthropogenic loads on ecosystems in other places. The separation, mapping, and valuation of ecosystem services are performed with an ultimate goal to ensure sustainable development of the society and human well-being. The ecological and economic approaches in this field are actually aimed at strengthening of the role of market mechanisms in the environmental protection policy.

Keywords: ecosystem services, ecosystem functions, economic valuation.

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